THE HINDU Editorial Vocabulary - May 24, 2018 - Topic 2

Writer Philip Roth: Everyman

Philip Roth, who has died at 85, was a titan of post-War literature — by some assessments, the greatest of his generation. Across more than 30 books, he chronicled the best and worst of America, looking things in the eye and telling it like it was, writing about flawed beings, their dreams and nightmares, sexual and other predicaments. Themes of betrayal, love and loss, alienation, the struggle between political correctness and the desire to let go of all inhibitions were common to his oeuvre. Together with Saul Bellow and John Updike, Roth was considered the unflinching observer of 20th century America. 

Steeped in acerbic humour, which increasingly turned black, several of his best novels, including the American trilogy (American Pastoral, I Married a Communist and The Human Stain) were written in a stunning late-career resurgence. The Pulitzer Prize-winning Pastoral (1997) told the story of Seymour Irving Levov, a good, family man living the American dream, or so it seemed. These were the post-Second World War years, and by placing Seymour in this era, Roth critiqued the culture and politics of the time, leading up to the Vietnam war, with the sequels bringing the narrative arc up to the Clinton presidency. Nine of his novels featured his fictional alter-ego, Nathan Zuckerman (The Ghost Writer, Zuckerman Unbound, Exit Ghost), exploring almost every facet of his identity, from being Jewish to being a writer and a man. His “maleness” offended many readers, with his 1969 book Portnoy’s Complaint, about the young, middle-class, sex-obsessed Alexander Portnoy leaving critics happy and elders enraged. In 2012, Roth announced his retirement from writing. He said Nemesis (2010), about a polio epidemic in Newark, New Jersey, where he was born and which was the setting of many of his books, was his last. He said he had reread his favourite writers, Dostoevsky, Conrad, Hemingway, Bellow, and his own books, and thought he had had enough.

Writing on “behaviour in extreme situations” was Roth’s forte, tackling characters with “sheer playfulness and deadly seriousness”, recording “life, in all its shameless impurity”. His books can be classed under neat labels by the protagonist — Zuckerman, Roth (The Facts, Patrimony, to name two), Kepesh (The Breast, The Dying Animal) — and the four novels under ‘Nemeses’ which includes Everyman, a searing tale of life and death. Asked which were his favourite books, Roth mentioned two, Sabbath’s Theater (1995), the story of Mickey Sabbath, who is 64 going on 17, antagonistic and libidinous, which several critics hated, and Pastoral. In the Trump era, or in a divisive world for that matter, it is impossible to read his reimagining of history in The Plot Against America — what if F.D. Roosevelt had lost in 1940 and white supremacist Charles Lindbergh had won? — and not be touched by its eerie foreboding.

Vocabulary

Assessment: the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something.

Example: The assessment of educational needs

Synonyms: evaluation, judgment, rating, estimation, appraisal, analysis, opinion

Flawed: blemished, damaged, or imperfect in some way

Example: Flawed crystals

Synonyms: faulty, defective, unsound, imperfect, broken, cracked, torn, scratched

Predicament: a difficult, unpleasant, or embarrassing situation.

Example: The club's financial predicament

Synonyms: difficult situation, mess, difficulty, plight, quandary, muddle

Inhibition: a feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way.

Example: The children, at first shy, soon lost their inhibitions

Synonyms: shyness, reticence, reserve, diffidence, wariness

Acerbic: sharp and forthright.

Example: His acerbic wit

Synonyms: sharp, sarcastic, sardonic, mordant, trenchant, cutting, razor-edged

Resurgence: an increase or revival after a period of little activity, popularity, or occurrence.

Example: A resurgence of interest in religion

Synonyms: renewal, revival, recovery, comeback, reawakening, resurrection

Critique: a detailed analysis and assessment of something, especially a literary, philosophical, or political theory.

Example: His reputation rests on his incisive critiques of literary and political innocence and immaturity.

Synonyms: analysis, evaluation, assessment, appraisal, appreciation, criticism

Enrage: make very angry.

Example: The students were enraged at these new rules

Synonyms: furious, infuriated, very angry, irate, incensed, raging

Protagonist: the leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text.

Example: The protagonist of Conrad's novel undergoes a drastic change in response to his environment, common only to that specific time period.

Antagonistic: showing or feeling active opposition or hostility toward someone or something.

Example: He was antagonistic to the government's reforms

Synonyms: hostile to, against, dead set against, opposed to, inimical to, antipathetic to

Libidinous: showing excessive sexual drive

Example: High court sentences for lewd and libidinous behaviour, which includes some sex offences against children, also fell, from over five years to four.

Synonyms: lustful, lecherous, lascivious, lewd, carnal, salacious, prurient, licentious

Forebode: a feeling that something bad will happen.

Example: With a sense of foreboding she read the note

Synonyms: apprehension, anxiety, trepidation, disquiet, unease, uneasiness